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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Capillary condensation ： ウィキペディア英語版 Capillary condensation Capillary condensation is the "process by which multilayer adsorption from the vapor () into a porous medium proceeds to the point at which pore spaces become filled with condensed liquid from the vapor ()."〔Schramm, L.L ''The Language of Colloid & Interface Science'' 1993, ACS Professional Reference Book, ACS: Washington, D.C.〕 The unique aspect of capillary condensation is that vapor condensation occurs below the saturation vapor pressure, Psat, of the pure liquid.〔Hunter, R.J. ''Foundations of Colloid Science'' 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2001.〕 This result is due to an increased number of van der Waals interactions between vapor phase molecules inside the confined space of a capillary. Once condensation has occurred, a meniscus immediately forms at the liquid-vapor interface which allows for equilibrium below the saturation vapor pressure. Meniscus formation is dependent on the surface tension of the liquid and the shape of the capillary, as shown by the Young-Laplace equation. As with any liquid-vapor interface involving a menisci, the Kelvin equation provides a relation for the difference between the equilibrium vapor pressure and the saturation vapor pressure.〔Casanova, F. ''et al.'' ''Nanotechnology'' 2008, Vol. 19, 315709.〕〔Kruk, M. ''et al.'' ''Langmuir'' 1997, 13, 6267-6273.〕〔Miyahara, M. ''et al.'' ''Langmuir'' 2000, 16, 4293-4299.〕〔Morishige, K. ''et al.'' ''Langmuir'' 2006, 22, 4165-4169.〕 A capillary does not necessarily have to be a tubular, closed shape, but can be any confined space with respect to its surroundings. Capillary condensation is an important factor in both naturally occurring and synthetic porous structures. In these structures, scientists use the concept of capillary condensation to determine pore size distribution and surface area though adsorption isotherms.〔〔〔〔 Synthetic applications such as sintering〔Kumagai, M; Messing, G. L. ''J. Am. Ceramic Soc.'' 1985, 68, 500-505.〕 of materials are also highly dependent on bridging effects resulting from capillary condensation. In contrast to the advantages of capillary condensation, it can also cause many problems in materials science applications such as Atomic Force Microscopy〔Weeks, B. L.; Vaughn, M. W.; DeYoreo, J. J. ''Langmuir'', 2005, 21, 8096-8098.〕 and Microelectromechanical Systems.〔Srinivasan, U.; Houston, M. R.; Howe, R. T.; Maboudian, R. ''Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems'', 1998, 7, 252-260.〕 ==Kelvin equation== The Kelvin equation can be used to describe the phenomenon of capillary condensation due to the presence of a curved meniscus.〔 ::$\backslash ln\backslash frac\backslash$ Where... :$\backslash \; P\_v$ = equilibrium vapor pressure :$\backslash \; P\_$ = saturation vapor pressure :$\backslash \; H$ = mean curvature of meniscus :$\backslash \; \backslash gamma$ = liquid/vapor surface tension :$\backslash \; V\_l$ = liquid molar volume :$\backslash \; R$ = ideal gas constant :$\backslash \; T$ = temperature This equation, shown above, governs all equilibrium systems involving meniscus and provides mathematical reasoning for the fact that condensation of a given species occurs below the saturation vapor pressure (Pv < Psat) inside a capillary. At the heart of the Kelvin equation is the pressure difference between the liquid and vapor phases, which comes as a contrast to traditional phase diagrams where phase equilibrium occurs at a single pressure, known as Psat, for a given temperature. This pressure drop ($\backslash scriptstyle\; \backslash Delta\; P$) is due solely to the liquid/vapor surface tension and curvature of the meniscus, as described in the Young-Laplace equation.〔 ::$\backslash \; \backslash Delta\; P\; =\; 2H\backslash gamma$ In the Kelvin equation, the saturation vapor pressure, surface tension, and molar volume are all inherent properties of the species at equilibrium and are considered constants with respect to the system. Temperature is also a constant in the Kelvin equation as it is a function of the saturation vapor pressure and vice versa. Therefore, the variables that govern capillary condensation most are the equilibrium vapor pressure and the mean curvature of the meniscus. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Capillary condensation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.